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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging
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[Stomatal opening in the dark at high temperatures].

U Brunner1, B M Eller

  • 1Institut für allgemeine Botanik der Universität Zürich, Künstlergasse 16, CH 8006, Zürich, Switzerland.

Planta
|January 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Piper betle L. stomata open at high temperatures (above 40°C) in the dark, indicating a heat resistance mechanism. This stomatal response is crucial for plant survival under heat stress.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Environmental Stress Biology

Context:

  • Piper betle L. (betel leaf) is a commercially important plant.
  • Understanding plant responses to high temperatures is vital for agriculture.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the stomatal behavior of Piper betle L. at elevated temperatures in the dark.
  • To determine the relationship between leaf temperature, humidity, and stomatal opening.

Summary:

  • Simultaneous measurements of water transport and stomatal opening in Piper betle L. were conducted.
  • Stomata remained closed at 36-38°C in the dark but opened rapidly above 40°C.
  • High stomatal opening in the dark at elevated temperatures was observed, influenced by humidity and independent of light/dark cycles.

Impact:

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  • Findings suggest stomatal reactions at high temperatures significantly affect heat resistance in Piper betle L.
  • The study provides evidence for a thermoregulatory mechanism in betel leaf plants.
  • Results correlate transpiration-derived stomatal conductance with microscopic analysis.