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Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods01:26

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies Mo-GWAS: Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization
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Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies Mo-GWAS: Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization

Published on: July 27, 2021

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Medication-wide association studies.

P B Ryan1, D Madigan2, P E Stang1

  • 1Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology
|January 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic health records can help find new drug side effects using a medication-wide association study. While useful for identifying potential risks, these observational databases cannot definitively prove causal effects due to false positives.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies Mo-GWAS: Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization
08:27

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies Mo-GWAS: Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization

Published on: July 27, 2021

4.6K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacovigilance
  • Health Informatics
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Undiscovered drug side effects pose significant public health risks.
  • Electronic health-care databases offer a valuable resource for accelerating the detection of adverse drug events.
  • Traditional methods for identifying drug side effects can be time-consuming and resource-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply a novel "medication-wide association study" approach to identify potential drug side effects.
  • To leverage large-scale electronic health-care databases for drug safety surveillance.
  • To evaluate the predictive value and limitations of this approach in detecting adverse drug events.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a "medication-wide association study" combining multivariate analysis and exploratory visualization.
  • Analyzed data from a large administrative claims database (46 million patients) and a clinical database (11 million patients).
  • Investigated associations between medications and four specific health outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The medication-wide association study approach demonstrated good predictive value for identifying potential drug side effects.
  • No specific threshold was found to completely eliminate false-positive findings, highlighting the challenge of confounding.
  • Exploratory visualization effectively highlighted drug class effects but also underscored confounding issues.

Conclusions:

  • Observational databases, when analyzed with advanced methods, are effective for generating hypotheses about potential drug-adverse event associations.
  • The approach aids in strengthening the review of specific drug products by identifying class effects.
  • Definitive causal evidence of drug effects from observational data remains challenging due to inherent limitations like confounding.