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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Isolation of CD133+ Liver Stem Cells for Clonal Expansion
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Published on: October 10, 2011

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Re-evaluation of liver stem/progenitor cells.

Naoki Tanimizu1, Toshihiro Mitaka1

  • 1Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan.

Organogenesis
|January 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Liver stem/progenitor cells (LPCs) supply liver cells during development and repair. Recent studies use advanced techniques to clarify LPC function in normal and injured livers, revealing their plasticity.

Keywords:
bipotentialcholangiocytehepatoblasthepatocyteliver progenitor celloval cell

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Liver stem/progenitor cells (LPCs) are crucial for generating hepatocytes and cholangiocytes during liver development, turnover, and regeneration.
  • Hepatoblasts, the fetal form of LPCs, actively proliferate and differentiate in fetal life.
  • While adult LPCs may express cholangiocyte markers, their precise localization and role in normal liver turnover are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the origin and function of liver stem/progenitor cells (LPCs) in liver regeneration and repair.
  • To investigate the contribution of LPCs to epithelial supply in both normal and injured liver conditions.
  • To understand the plasticity and differentiation capabilities of liver epithelial cells and LPCs in response to injury.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing prospective isolation of LPCs via fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
  • Employing genetic lineage tracing techniques to track cell origins and differentiation pathways.
  • Analyzing epithelial cell dynamics in normal and experimentally induced liver injury models.

Main Results:

  • Hepatocyte turnover in normal adult livers primarily relies on the self-duplication of existing hepatocytes.
  • Evidence suggests that certain cholangiocytes can act as LPCs during the neonatal period.
  • New techniques have significantly advanced the understanding of LPCs and epithelial cell supply in the liver.
  • Liver epithelial cells and LPCs exhibit remarkable plasticity and differentiation potential.

Conclusions:

  • While adult hepatocyte turnover is mainly autologous, LPCs play a critical role in liver regeneration, especially when hepatocyte proliferation is compromised.
  • The plasticity of liver epithelial cells and LPCs is key to the liver's protective and repair mechanisms following injury.
  • Ongoing research using advanced isolation and tracing methods continues to refine our understanding of liver stem cell biology and function.