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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...
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Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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Living liquid crystals.

Shuang Zhou1, Andrey Sokolov, Oleg D Lavrentovich

  • 1Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Living liquid crystals combine bacteria and liquid crystals for novel active matter. This system exhibits unique dynamic phenomena controllable by environmental factors, offering new avenues for soft active matter manipulation.

Keywords:
cromonic liquid crystalsmotile bacteriaself-organization

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Active Matter
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Collective motion in active fluids is a key area of nonequilibrium physics.
  • Understanding interactions between active units and their medium is crucial for complex dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and investigate living liquid crystals (LLCs) as a novel class of active matter.
  • To explore the dynamic phenomena arising from the coupling of bacterial activity and liquid crystal order.

Main Methods:

  • Combining motile bacteria with lyotropic liquid crystals.
  • Controlling LLC properties via oxygen levels, ingredient concentration, and temperature.
  • Utilizing birefringence for microflow visualization.

Main Results:

  • Observed nonlinear bacterial trajectories influenced by director fields.
  • Demonstrated local melting of liquid crystals due to bacterial shear flows.
  • Revealed activity-triggered transitions from uniform to patterned flow states, evolving into turbulent defect arrays.
  • Visualized microflows generated by bacterial flagella.

Conclusions:

  • LLCs exhibit collective dynamic effects at very low bacterial concentrations (0.2%).
  • The coupling between activity-driven flow and orientational order leads to rich phenomena.
  • LLCs offer a new paradigm for controlling soft active matter, with potential biosensing and biomedical applications.