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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method
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The chemical composition of Ricinus phloem exudate.

S M Hall1, D A Baker

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, UK.

Planta
|January 31, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ricinus plant exudate is rich in sucrose and potassium, with significant amino acids and organic anions. It also contains plant hormones like auxin and gibberellin.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Plant Biochemistry

Background:

  • Plant exudates provide insights into nutrient transport and signaling.
  • Understanding Ricinus (castor bean) exudate composition can reveal physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the detailed chemical composition of Ricinus stem exudate.
  • To compare Ricinus exudate composition with phloem sap of other plant species.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of exudate from incisions in actively growing Ricinus stems.
  • Chemical analysis of dry matter, sugars, amino acids, cations, anions, and organic acids.
  • Bioassays for plant hormone activities (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin) and measurement of adenosine triphosphate.

Main Results:

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  • Exudate characterized by high sucrose (80-106 mg/ml), potassium (60-112 mM), and malate (30-47 meq/l).
  • Major amino acids include glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and threonine (35.2 mM total).
  • Detected auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin activities, along with adenosine triphosphate (0.40-0.60 mM).

    • Conclusions:

    • Ricinus exudate composition differs from typical phloem sap, particularly in sugar and anion profiles.
    • The presence of hormones and ATP suggests active physiological roles for the exudate.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific functions of this exudate in Ricinus physiology.