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Tularaemia: a challenging zoonosis.

C L Carvalho1, I Lopes de Carvalho2, L Zé-Zé3

  • 1Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Science (ICAAM), School of Science and Technology ECT, University of Évora, Portugal; Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal.

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Tularaemia, a zoonotic disease caused by the virulent bacterium Francisella tularensis, is emerging in Europe. This review covers its biology, epidemiology, and zoonotic aspects, noting its potential bioterrorism threat.

Keywords:
Category A biowarfare agentsFrancisella tularensisTularaemiaWild animalsZoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Emerging zoonotic vector-borne infections pose a significant threat to human health in Europe.
  • Tularaemia, caused by the highly virulent bacterium Francisella tularensis, is increasingly detected in diverse wildlife reservoirs.
  • Concerns regarding Francisella tularensis extend to its potential misuse as a bioterrorism agent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key characteristics of Francisella tularensis, including its biology, immunology, and epidemiology.
  • To highlight the zoonotic elements of tularaemia, emphasizing the link between animal disease and human outbreaks.
  • To provide an updated overview based on recent scientific literature and outbreak information.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published data on Francisella tularensis and tularaemia outbreaks.
  • Synthesis of information on the agent's biological and immunological features.
  • Epidemiological analysis focusing on disease distribution in wildlife and human populations.

Main Results:

  • Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent microorganism found in various European wildlife, including lagomorphs, rodents, carnivores, fish, and arthropods.
  • Tularaemia outbreaks in humans are often preceded or accompanied by disease in animal populations.
  • The bacterium's presence in new settings and its potential for bioterrorism warrant continued surveillance and research.

Conclusions:

  • Tularaemia represents a significant and evolving zoonotic threat in Europe, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology and transmission.
  • The close association between animal and human cases underscores the importance of monitoring wildlife health for public health preparedness.
  • Further research into Francisella tularensis is crucial for developing effective control strategies and mitigating bioterrorism risks.