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Generalized Bose-Einstein condensation into multiple states in driven-dissipative systems.

Daniel Vorberg1, Waltraut Wustmann1, Roland Ketzmerick1

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Theoretische Physik, 01187 Dresden, Germany.

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Bose-Einstein condensation persists in non-equilibrium systems. Even far from equilibrium, a generalized condensation selects an odd number of states, enabling novel quantum devices like a heat conductivity switch.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum statistical mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium physics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon typically observed in equilibrium systems.
  • BEC involves the occupation of a single quantum state by a large number of particles.
  • Its persistence in hydrodynamic regimes near equilibrium is known, but its behavior far from equilibrium was unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the survival of Bose-Einstein condensation in driven systems far from equilibrium.
  • To generalize the concept of BEC beyond the single-ground-state occupation.
  • To explore potential applications, such as a quantum switch for heat conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical derivation using mean-field theory to establish criteria for state selection.
  • Analysis of non-interacting Bose gases.
  • Study of driven-dissipative model systems to observe the phenomenon in practical scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Bose-Einstein condensation survives in a generalized form in steady states far from equilibrium.
  • The phenomenon is characterized by the unambiguous selection of an odd number of states with large occupations.
  • A criterion is derived distinguishing between single-state and multiple-state Bose selection.

Conclusions:

  • Generalized Bose-Einstein condensation is a robust phenomenon extending beyond equilibrium conditions.
  • The selection of an odd number of states offers new possibilities for quantum state manipulation.
  • A proposed quantum switch for heat conductivity demonstrates a potential application of this generalized BEC.