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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Spin injection into a superconductor with strong spin-orbit coupling.

T Wakamura1, N Hasegawa1, K Ohnishi1

  • 1Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-no-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan.

Physical Review Letters
|February 4, 2014
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Summary

Researchers injected spin currents into superconducting niobium (Nb) using a spin absorption technique. Superconducting Nb absorbs pure spin currents below its critical temperature, enabling measurement of its intrinsic spin relaxation time.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Superconductivity

Background:

  • Spin injection into superconductors is crucial for spintronic devices.
  • Understanding spin dynamics in superconductors requires precise measurement techniques.
  • Niobium (Nb) exhibits strong spin-orbit interaction, influencing spin transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate spin injection into superconducting niobium (Nb) using a spin absorption technique.
  • To investigate the absorption of spin currents in Nb below its superconducting critical temperature (TC).
  • To determine the intrinsic spin relaxation time in superconducting Nb.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing lateral spin valve structures with a nonmagnetic copper (Cu) channel and superconducting Nb.
  • Employing a spin absorption technique to measure spin current transfer.
  • Analyzing experimental results using the density of states calculated via the Usadel equation.

Main Results:

  • Spin currents in the Cu channel are preferentially absorbed into Nb due to its strong spin-orbit interaction.
  • The charge imbalance effect at the Cu/Nb interface confirms pure spin current absorption into superconducting Nb below TC.
  • The Usadel equation analysis successfully reproduces experimental data, indicating Nb's spin-orbit interaction remains effective below TC.
  • The intrinsic spin relaxation time in superconducting Nb was found to be over 4 times greater than in its normal state.

Conclusions:

  • Spin injection into superconducting Nb is feasible using the demonstrated spin absorption technique.
  • Superconducting Nb effectively absorbs pure spin currents below TC, influenced by its strong spin-orbit interaction.
  • The developed method provides a reliable way to determine the intrinsic spin relaxation time in superconductors.