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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Imprinting01:22

Imprinting

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Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis
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Genomic imprinting in mammals.

Denise P Barlow1, Marisa S Bartolomei

  • 1CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, CeMM, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|February 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Genomic imprinting in mammals leads to parent-specific gene expression. This epigenetic regulation involves DNA methylation and long noncoding RNAs, offering insights into genome control.

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Genomic imprinting governs monoallelic, parent-specific gene expression in mammals.
  • Imprinted genes are often clustered and regulated by insulators or long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • Epigenetic marks, primarily DNA methylation, distinguish parental alleles in gametes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of genomic imprinting and epigenetic regulation in mammals.
  • To understand how parental-specific gene expression patterns are established and maintained.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation.
  • Investigation of regulatory elements such as insulators and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • Examination of higher-order chromatin structure and histone modifications.

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Main Results:

  • Imprinted genes utilize DNA methylation and lncRNAs for parent-specific expression.
  • Insulators and chromatin structure play crucial roles in regulating imprinted gene clusters.
  • Epigenetic imprints are robustly maintained post-fertilization despite genome-wide reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic imprinting serves as a key model for studying mammalian epigenetic regulation.
  • Understanding imprinting mechanisms provides insights into fundamental biological processes and potential disease associations.