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Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Updated: May 3, 2026

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Published on: November 29, 2024

Diabetes-related heart failure.

Yasuko K Bando¹, Toyoaki Murohara

¹Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.

Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society

|February 7, 2014

Summary

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DMC) is a complex heart condition in diabetes mellitus patients. This review clarifies DMC, encompassing heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, independent of other cardiac issues.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Endocrinology
Molecular Biology

Background:

The link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) is increasingly recognized.
Traditional views attributed diabetes-related cardiac dysfunction primarily to coronary artery disease and hypertension.
Recent guidelines offer definitions for diabetic cardiomyopathy (DMC), but a complete understanding is still evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of current concepts in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DMC).
To analyze existing preclinical and clinical evidence regarding DMC.
To explore novel molecular mechanisms underlying DMC.

Main Methods:

Review of current scientific literature and guidelines.
Analysis of preclinical and clinical studies on DMC.

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Synthesis of information on molecular pathways involved in DMC.

Main Results:

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DMC) is defined as heart failure (HF) in diabetic patients, irrespective of coronary stenosis or hypertension.
DMC encompasses both HF with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF).
Existing guidelines provide a foundational definition, yet a complete understanding and clear clinical guidelines are still under development.

Conclusions:

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DMC) represents a significant clinical challenge at the intersection of DM and HF.
A thorough understanding of DMC requires integrating evidence from diverse studies and exploring new molecular mechanisms.
Further research and clearer guidelines are needed to effectively manage DMC.