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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
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Infections and multiple sclerosis.

Arun Venkatesan1, Richard T Johnson1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|February 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infections may trigger multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease. While evidence suggests a link between infectious agents and MS development, conclusive proof is still needed.

Keywords:
ADEMEpstein–BarrHHV-6Virusautoimmunitybacteriahost-pathogen interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory central nervous system disease of unknown etiology.
  • Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, particularly infections, are implicated in MS pathogenesis.
  • Numerous pathogens have been investigated as potential triggers for MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical and epidemiological evidence linking infections to multiple sclerosis.
  • To explore pathophysiological mechanisms by which infections might induce demyelinating disease.
  • To discuss current research on immune responses to infectious agents in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical data and epidemiological studies on MS and infections.
  • Analysis of animal models and human demyelinating diseases.
  • Examination of immunological studies in individuals with MS.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological data suggest a potential association between infectious agents and MS.
  • Animal and human studies demonstrate mechanisms for infection-induced demyelination.
  • Individuals with MS show heightened immune responses to certain infectious antigens, but ongoing infection is not consistently found.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious agents are suggested to play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis.
  • Further conclusive evidence is required to establish a definitive causal link between infections and MS.
  • The interplay between genetics, environment, and the immune system in MS pathogenesis warrants continued investigation.