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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Infectious encephalitis among adults: a prospective and population-based cohort study.

Lærke Storgaard Duerlund1, Lykke Larsen2, Merete Storgaard3

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Johns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB), Basel, Switzerland.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|April 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Infectious encephalitis is rare, with Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) being common causes. Poor outcomes are frequent, particularly for those with HSV-1 or low Glasgow Coma Scale scores.

Keywords:
Clinical featuresCohortEpidemiologyIncidenceInfectious encephalitisNationwideOutcomePopulation-basedPrognosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Infectious encephalitis is a serious neurological condition with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Understanding its incidence, presentation, and prognosis is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of infectious encephalitis in adults in Denmark.
  • To identify risk factors associated with severe disease and mortality.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, population-based cohort study was conducted using the Danish Study group for Infections of the Brain database (2015-2023).
  • Cases were identified based on International Encephalitis Consortium criteria.
  • Multivariable modified Poisson regression analyzed associations with ICU admission and 6-month mortality.

Main Results:

  • The annual incidence was 1.18 per 100,000 population, with Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) being the most common etiologies (31% and 32%, respectively).
  • Confusion, headache, and personality changes were common symptoms.
  • Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was linked to low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and seizures. Six-month mortality was 15%, with higher risks observed in immunocompromised patients, HSV-1 encephalitis cases, and those with GCS <12.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious encephalitis, though rare, presents diagnostic challenges due to unspecific symptoms.
  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) are leading causes.
  • Prognosis remains poor, with increased mortality risk factors including immunocompromise, HSV-1, and low GCS at admission.