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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection
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Electroporation-based gene therapy: recent evolution in the mechanism description and technology developments.

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Gene electrotransfer uses electric pulses to deliver genes into cells, advancing gene therapy. Recent progress in understanding cell electroporation and technology development has moved this technique to clinical application.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Gene electrotransfer, utilizing electric pulses for gene delivery, has evolved significantly over 30 years.
  • The technology was at a critical development stage in 2008, with rapid advancements in the subsequent five years.
  • Current knowledge focuses on the effects of electric field pulses on cell membranes, crucial for gene transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of gene electrotransfer technology and its applications.
  • To highlight the importance of electric field distribution models, electrode selection, and voltage parameters.
  • To survey the mechanisms of DNA electrotransfer, including cell electropermeabilization and DNA electrophoresis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental knowledge on cell electroporation and electric field effects.
  • Analysis of technological developments in electrodes and electric pulse application.
  • Survey of molecular mechanisms of nucleic acid transfer across lipid membranes.

Main Results:

  • Gene electrotransfer has progressed from cultured cells to human applications.
  • Electric pulses are now standard for localized drug delivery in cancer treatment (electrochemotherapy).
  • The first molecular description of nucleic acid crossing a lipid membrane was reported in 2012.

Conclusions:

  • Advancements in understanding cell electroporation and technological developments have propelled gene electrotransfer to the clinical stage.
  • Further clinical trials are necessary to broaden the adoption of this technology.
  • Homogenization of protocols and validation of Standard Operating Procedures are essential for widespread implementation.