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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Convective flows in evaporating sessile droplets.

Meysam R Barmi1, Carl D Meinhart

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|February 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study numerically investigates sessile droplet evaporation, revealing how temperature and volume affect internal flows and the "coffee ring stain" phenomenon. A new correlation predicts evaporation time based on contact angle.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Sessile droplets are common in nature and industry.
  • Understanding droplet evaporation is crucial for applications like printing and coating.
  • The
  • coffee ring stain
  • effect, where particles concentrate at the edge, is a key phenomenon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically model and analyze the evaporation rate and internal convective flows of sessile droplets.
  • To investigate the influence of temperature, droplet volume, and contact angle on these processes.
  • To develop a correlation for predicting droplet evaporation time.

Main Methods:

  • Development and analysis of a unified numerical model.
  • Incorporation of temperature gradients, droplet volume, and contact angle effects.
  • Numerical simulation of fluid flow and evaporation dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Marangoni stress drives internal flow, enhancing convective mixing.
  • At lower volumes, Marangoni flow diminishes, and evaporation-induced flow becomes dominant.
  • This jet-like flow transports suspended particles to the contact line, forming the coffee ring stain.
  • A polynomial correlation for dimensionless evaporation time was developed and validated.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive numerical model for sessile droplet evaporation.
  • Internal convective flows significantly influence particle deposition and evaporation rates.
  • The developed correlation offers a practical tool for predicting evaporation behavior.