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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
10:59

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Published on: November 19, 2012

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Network dysfunction after traumatic brain injury.

David J Sharp1, Gregory Scott1, Robert Leech1

  • 1Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.

Nature Reviews. Neurology
|February 12, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts brain networks, leading to neurological impairment. Mapping this damage reveals how altered connectivity predicts cognitive deficits and may link to neurodegenerative diseases.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes diffuse axonal injury, disrupting brain networks and leading to neurological deficits.
  • Intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) are crucial for cognitive function, and their disruption by TBI significantly impacts outcomes.
  • The salience network and default mode network are particularly affected, influencing attentional control and cognitive processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on how TBI disrupts ICN function and its prediction of cognitive impairment.
  • To explore the impact of TBI on brain network architecture, specifically the 'small-world architecture'.
  • To discuss the potential interaction between TBI-induced network damage and neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration in conditions like Alzheimer's disease and CTE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TBI, diffusion MRI, and ICNs.
  • Analysis of functional and structural connectivity abnormalities in TBI.
  • Discussion of advanced modeling approaches for brain dynamics.

Main Results:

  • TBI substantially disrupts ICN function, with specific impacts on the salience and default mode networks.
  • Structural damage in TBI leads to predictable abnormalities in network function and cognitive control.
  • TBI alters the brain's 'small-world architecture', shifting it away from optimal information processing.

Conclusions:

  • Disrupted ICNs following TBI are a key mechanism underlying neurological and cognitive impairment.
  • Network-level analysis offers potential for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment development for TBI.
  • TBI-related network damage may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and CTE.