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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Polarization versus photon spin.

Alfredo Luis, Alfonso Rodil

    Optics Express
    |February 12, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study investigates if photon spin superposition explains electromagnetic field Stokes parameters. Macroscopic polarization aligns with single-photon parameters only for specific photon-number states, revealing a new class of entanglement.

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Optics
    • Quantum Information Theory

    Background:

    • Stokes parameters describe light polarization.
    • Photon spin is a fundamental quantum property.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine if Stokes parameters arise from photon spin superposition.
    • To identify conditions under which macroscopic polarization reflects single-photon properties.

    Main Methods:

    • Expressing n-photon states via creation operators acting on vacuum.
    • Analyzing photon polarization states.

    Main Results:

    • Macroscopic polarization equals the sum of single-photon Stokes parameters only for SU(2) orbits of photon-number states.
    • States not meeting this condition exhibit entanglement across all independent field mode bases.

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    Conclusions:

    • A specific class of entanglement, inaccessible via SU(2) transformations, is identified.
    • The relationship between macroscopic polarization and photon spin is contingent on the quantum state's structure.