Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.2K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.2K
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

7.2K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
7.2K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

13.7K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
13.7K
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

4.7K
Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
4.7K
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

10.2K
Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
10.2K
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

7.6K
The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The...
7.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Butyrophilin 2A2 promotes T cell immunoregulation via CD45 phosphatase activation and protects against murine autoimmune glomerulonephritis and pregnancy loss.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Space-Confined-Grown 10 nm 2D β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoflakes for Electrode-Scalable Ultraviolet Photodetector and Neuromorphic Computing.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2025
Same author

Two-dimensional perovskite PrNb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> for multifunctional electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Journal of colloid and interface science·2025
Same author

Sensitive photodetection in a violet phosphorus tunnel junction.

Optics letters·2025
Same author

Probing ultraweak in-plane magnetic anisotropy within a two-dimensional layered antiferromagnet.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Polarity-Switchable Sensitive Photodetection in a Superconducting van der Waals Heterostructure.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
11:50

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Published on: November 4, 2016

11.6K

Signals and pathways controlling regulatory T cells.

Alexandria Huynh1, Ruan Zhang, Laurence A Turka

  • 1Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|February 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Achieving immune tolerance to transplanted organs is crucial. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs), identified by Foxp3, are key to this tolerance, with signals like T-cell receptor and PI3K pathways governing their function.

Keywords:
T cellstolerance/suppression/anergytransplantation

More Related Videos

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

9.5K
Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

52.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
11:50

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Published on: November 4, 2016

11.6K
Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

9.5K
Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

52.8K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Inducing specific immune tolerance to transplanted grafts is a major goal in transplantation.
  • Regulatory T-cells (Tregs), characterized by Foxp3 expression, play a critical role in mediating this specific graft tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the signals and pathways that regulate regulatory T-cell (Treg) development, maintenance, and homeostasis.
  • To highlight the specific roles of key signaling pathways in Treg biology.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on Treg biology.
  • Discussion focuses on known signals and pathways governing Treg development and function.

Main Results:

  • Treg development occurs in both the thymus and peripheral sites.
  • Key signaling pathways including T-cell receptor signaling, CD28 costimulation, and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) are crucial for Treg biology.
  • These pathways influence Treg development, lineage maintenance, and homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing Treg function is essential for advancing transplantation tolerance.
  • Targeting T-cell receptor, CD28, and PI3K pathways offers potential strategies for enhancing Treg-mediated immune tolerance.