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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Falls and instability in the elderly.

R Tideiksaar1

  • 1Ritter Department of Geriatrics, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY The Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged, New York, NY.

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|February 15, 2014
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Summary
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Falls pose a significant risk to older adults. This review covers fall consequences, age-related risk factors, causes, clinical evaluation, and prevention strategies for fall reduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Public Health
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Falls represent a major health concern for the elderly population.
  • Understanding the multifactorial nature of falls is crucial for effective intervention.
  • Age-related physiological changes significantly increase fall susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the consequences of falls in older persons.
  • To identify age-related physiological changes that contribute to fall risk.
  • To explore medical and environmental causes of falls and present evaluation and intervention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on falls in older adults.
  • Analysis of physiological changes associated with aging and fall risk.
  • Examination of clinical evaluation methods for fall risk assessment.
  • Synthesis of evidence-based interventions for fall prevention.

Main Results:

  • Falls lead to severe consequences including injuries, reduced mobility, and fear of falling.
  • Physiological changes like decreased muscle strength, impaired balance, and sensory deficits increase fall risk.
  • Medical conditions (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders) and environmental hazards are significant contributors to falls.
  • Clinical evaluation involves assessing gait, balance, cognition, and medication review.
  • Multifactorial interventions, including exercise, medication management, and home modifications, are effective in reducing falls.

Conclusions:

  • Falls are a preventable public health issue in older adults.
  • A thorough clinical evaluation is essential for identifying individual fall risks.
  • Implementing targeted, multifactorial interventions can significantly reduce fall incidence and its consequences.