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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.2K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.5K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.2K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.2K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.3K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.3K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.4K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
3.4K
Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop01:16

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

6.1K
Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
6.1K

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Pure second harmonic current-phase relation in spin-filter Josephson junctions.

Avradeep Pal1, Z H Barber1, J W A Robinson1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.

Nature Communications
|February 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Experiments with Josephson junctions and spin-dependent barriers show a purely second harmonic current-phase relation, unaffected by barrier thickness. This challenges conventional theories of Cooper pair transport.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum electronics
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Higher harmonics in Josephson Junctions are theoretically predicted under specific conditions.
  • Conventional models suggest high sensitivity of these harmonics to barrier properties and temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the current-phase relation in Josephson junctions with spin-dependent tunneling barriers.
  • To determine if spin-dependent barriers exhibit unique harmonic behaviors.
  • To test the applicability of standard Cooper pair transport theory in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Josephson junctions with spin-dependent tunneling barriers.
  • Experimental measurement of current-phase relations.
  • Analysis of harmonic content under varying conditions, including barrier thickness.

Main Results:

  • Observed a current-phase relation that is purely second harmonic for highly spin-polarized barriers.
  • Demonstrated insensitivity of this second harmonic behavior to changes in barrier thickness.
  • Contradicted predictions of conventional theoretical models.

Conclusions:

  • The standard theory of Cooper pair transport is insufficient for spin-dependent tunneling barriers.
  • Spin-dependent tunneling offers a novel pathway to engineer specific current-phase relations.
  • This finding opens new avenues for spintronic devices based on Josephson junctions.