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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

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Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...
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Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

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Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Flow Cytometric Determination of Pyroptosis in Avian Cells
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Author Spotlight: Flow Cytometric Determination of Pyroptosis in Avian Cells

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Pyroptotic death storms and cytopenia.

Ben A Croker1, Joanne A O'Donnell2, Motti Gerlic2

  • 1Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|February 22, 2014
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Summary

The cytokine storm theory for sepsis has failed clinical trials. This review explores pyroptosis, a cell death mechanism, as a key factor in sepsis and immune suppression during infection.

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Author Spotlight: Flow Cytometric Determination of Pyroptosis in Avian Cells
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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The cytokine storm theory has long explained sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock.
  • Numerous clinical trials targeting inflammatory cytokines and LPS have failed, suggesting alternative sepsis mechanisms.
  • Recent findings separate pyroptosis from inflammatory cytokine production, necessitating investigation into cell death's role in sepsis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemical and cellular mechanisms of pyroptosis.
  • To explore pyroptosis's role in sepsis and associated immune suppression.
  • To highlight the need to investigate apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death in severe infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pyroptosis.
  • Analysis of biochemical pathways controlling pyroptosis.
  • Examination of cellular mechanisms of Caspase-1/11 dependent cell death.

Main Results:

  • Pyroptosis, a Caspase-1/11 dependent cell death, is implicated in sepsis pathophysiology.
  • Failure of cytokine-targeted therapies suggests pyroptosis contributes to sepsis and immune suppression.
  • Understanding pyroptosis is crucial for developing new sepsis treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Alternative mechanisms beyond the cytokine storm theory are critical for understanding sepsis.
  • Pyroptosis is a key cell death pathway involved in sepsis and immune suppression.
  • Further research into pyroptosis is essential for effective sepsis management.