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Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

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Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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[Infectious diseases].

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Updated gonorrhea treatment guidelines recommend ceftriaxone and azithromycin. New insights cover cellulitis prophylaxis, E. coli ESBL isolation, C. difficile treatment, and emerging respiratory viruses like MERS-CoV and H7N9.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Virology

Context:

  • Recent updates in clinical infectious disease management and emerging pathogens.
  • Changes in treatment protocols for common and severe infections.
  • Identification of novel viral threats and outbreaks.

Purpose:

  • To summarize key changes in treatment recommendations for gonorrhea and other infections.
  • To highlight new findings regarding prophylaxis and management of recurrent conditions.
  • To inform about the emergence of new respiratory viruses and associated risks.

Summary:

  • Gonorrhea treatment now recommends ceftriaxone plus azithromycin. Penicillin may be considered for recurrent cellulitis. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli no longer requires contact isolation. Fecal transplantation is noted as effective for recurrent Clostridioides difficile. Two new respiratory viruses, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and avian-origin Influenza A (H7N9), have been identified. Oral valganciclovir can reduce hearing loss in congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. A US outbreak of central nervous system mould infections linked to contaminated steroids was reported.

Impact:

  • Facilitates evidence-based clinical decision-making for infectious disease treatment.
  • Enhances understanding of emerging infectious threats and their public health implications.
  • Provides concise updates on antimicrobial resistance and novel therapeutic strategies.