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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Laser Sensing Technology
    • Semiconductor Devices

    Background:

    • Self-mixing (SM) sensing utilizes laser feedback for measurement.
    • Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer compact and scalable laser sources.
    • Uncooled sensor arrays are desirable for simplified and cost-effective systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the performance of a 24x1 monolithic VCSEL array in single-channel versus multichannel self-mixing operation.
    • To investigate the impact of multichannel operation on sensor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
    • To explore the potential for high-resolution, uncooled imaging systems using VCSEL arrays.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a 24x1 monolithic array of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs).
    • Compared self-mixing sensor performance in single active channel mode versus concurrent multichannel operation.
    • Analyzed the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of individual sensors under different operational modes.
    • Investigated the effect of sensor operational temperature on performance.

    Main Results:

    • Concurrent multichannel operation markedly improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of individual SM sensors.
    • The performance enhancement in multichannel mode is attributed to increased operational temperature of the VCSEL sensors.
    • Further performance gains are achievable with VCSEL arrays featuring smaller inter-device pitch.
    • The findings suggest potential for high spatial and temporal resolution imaging without active temperature stabilization.

    Conclusions:

    • Multichannel operation of SM VCSEL arrays offers a significant advantage in sensor SNR.
    • Increased operational temperature in multichannel mode is key to performance improvement.
    • Optimizing VCSEL array pitch can further enhance imaging system capabilities.
    • This technology paves the way for advanced, uncooled, high-resolution optical sensing systems.