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Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Motivational Bias01:25

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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Confirmation Biases01:31

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Halo Effect01:27

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The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...
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Self-Serving Bias01:29

Self-Serving Bias

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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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People Claim Objectivity After Knowingly Using Biased Strategies.

Katherine Hansen1, Margaret Gerbasi1, Alexander Todorov1

  • 1Princeton University, NJ, USA.

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
|February 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People often fail to recognize their own judgment biases, a phenomenon known as bias blindness. This study reveals that even using biased strategies doesn't diminish individuals' perceived objectivity.

Keywords:
bias blind spotbias correctionmental contaminationobjectivity illusion

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Individuals often exhibit a lack of self-awareness regarding biases in their decision-making processes.
  • This 'bias blindness' can persist even when people acknowledge that their chosen judgment strategies may be flawed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether individuals recognize bias in their judgments, particularly after employing explicitly biased strategies.
  • To examine the impact of using biased versus objective strategies on self-perceptions of objectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted involving participants assessing the quality of a test or rating paintings.
  • Participants utilized either explicitly biased strategies (e.g., focusing on weaknesses) or explicitly objective strategies.
  • In one experiment, participants also rated their expected bias before employing a strategy.

Main Results:

  • Participants who used biased strategies rated those strategies as relatively biased.
  • Despite using biased strategies, participants consistently provided biased judgments but claimed to be relatively objective.
  • Pre-ratings in Experiment 3 indicated that participants' sense of personal objectivity not only persisted but increased after using a biased strategy.

Conclusions:

  • The tendency to overlook personal biases, or 'bias blindness,' is robust and persists even when individuals consciously employ biased judgment methods.
  • Using biased strategies does not necessarily lead to an increased awareness of one's own biasedness; in fact, it can paradoxically enhance self-perceived objectivity.