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Updated: May 2, 2026
Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
Published on: March 11, 2022
The relationship among foot posture, core and lower extremity muscle function, and postural stability
Stephen C Cobb1, David M Bazett-Jones, Mukta N Joshi
1Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Context:
Identification of impaired balance as a risk factor for lower extremity injury regardless of injury history has led to subsequent investigation of variables that may adversely affect balance in healthy individuals.
Objectives:
To investigate the relationship among core and lower extremity muscle function, foot posture, and balance.
Design:
Descriptive laboratory study.
Setting:
Musculoskeletal injury biomechanics laboratory.
Patients Or Other Participants:
A total of 108 individuals (40 men, 68 women; age = 22.8 ± 4.7 years, height = 168.5 ± 10.4 cm, mass = 69.9 ± 13.3 kg) participated in the study.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
Core endurance was assessed during 1 time-to-failure trial, and isometric hip and ankle strength were assessed using a handheld dynamometer and isokinetic dynamometer, respectively. Foot structure was quantified using the digital photographic measurement method. Single-limb-stance time to boundary was assessed using a force plate during an eyes-closed condition. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to predict balance using lower extremity strength, foot posture, and core endurance.
Results:
Foot posture (β = -0.22, P = .03) and ankle-inversion strength (β = -0.29, P = .006) predicted mediolateral balance. Increasing arch posture and ankle-inversion strength were associated with decreased mediolateral single-limb-stance balance.
Conclusions:
Increasing arch height was associated with decreased mediolateral control of single-limb stance. The relationship between time to boundary and injury risk, however, has not been explored. Therefore, the relationship between increasing arch height and injury due to postural instability cannot be determined from this study. If authors of future prospective studies identify a relationship between decreased time to boundary and increased injury risk, foot structure may be an important variable to assess during preparticipation physical examinations. The relationship between increasing ankle-inversion strength and decreased balance may require additional study to further elucidate the relationship between ankle strength and balance.
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