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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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1.2K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Parity effects in 120° spin spirals.

Matthias Menzel1, André Kubetzka1, Kirsten von Bergmann1

  • 1Institute of Applied Physics, University of Hamburg, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The magnetic ground state of iron chains on an iridium surface exhibits a unique spin spiral. Finite chain lengths lead to varied magnetic behaviors due to parity effects and three-atom periodicity.

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Surface science
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • The magnetic ground state of biatomic Fe chains on reconstructed (5×1)-Ir(001) surfaces is a cycloidal 120° spin spiral.
  • Understanding the magnetic properties of low-dimensional nanostructures is crucial for developing future magnetic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic ground state of biatomic Fe chains on the reconstructed (5×1)-Ir(001) surface.
  • To explore the influence of finite chain lengths on magnetic field dependences and net magnetic moments.
  • To understand the role of parity effects and three-atom periodicity in determining magnetic anisotropy.

Main Methods:

  • Spin-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (SR-STM) was employed to probe the magnetic properties.
  • Numerical simulations were conducted to model the behavior of the Fe chains.

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  • Analysis of magnetic field dependences and magnetic moments was performed.

    • Main Results:

    • A cycloidal 120° spin spiral was identified as the magnetic ground state.
    • Significant variations in magnetic field dependences were observed among chains of different lengths.
    • Chains were classified into three symmetry classes based on atom count, influencing net magnetic moment.
    • Effective anisotropy alternated between out-of-plane, in-plane, and quenched states due to three-atom periodicity.

    Conclusions:

    • Finite chain lengths and associated parity effects dictate the magnetic behavior of Fe chains on Ir(001).
    • The observed three-atom periodicity leads to alternating magnetic anisotropy, distinct from typical antiferromagnetic systems.
    • These findings provide insights into the controllable magnetism of one-dimensional nanostructures.