Longitudinal changes in lactoferrin concentrations in human milk: a global systematic review

Area of Science:

• Human milk composition
• Nutritional science
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Lactoferrin (LF) is a key whey protein in human milk, recognized for its antimicrobial properties.
• Understanding LF concentration dynamics is crucial for infant nutrition and health.
• Existing data on LF levels in human milk requires comprehensive synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To quantitatively evaluate longitudinal changes in lactoferrin concentration in term and preterm human milk.
• To review methods used for lactoferrin quantification in human milk studies.
• To provide a global overview of lactoferrin levels throughout lactation.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of 94 articles, with 52 meeting inclusion criteria (2724 women).
• Descriptive analysis of quantitative data on lactoferrin concentrations.
• Inclusion of studies reporting lactoferrin levels in term and preterm human milk.

Main Results:

• Lactoferrin concentration is highest in early lactation (<28 days), with a mean of 4.91 g/L.
• Concentrations rapidly decline by 1 month and stabilize for up to 2 years.
• Mature milk lactoferrin concentration has a mean of 2.10 g/L; data is sparse for preterm milk and certain geographic regions.

Conclusions:

• Human milk lactoferrin exhibits a distinct longitudinal pattern, peaking in early lactation.
• The findings highlight geographical and population-based variations in lactoferrin levels.
• Further research is needed, particularly on lactoferrin in preterm milk and underrepresented regions.