Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 2, 2026

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
Published on: April 28, 2022
Small area associations between social context and alcohol-attributable mortality in a middle income country
Álvaro Castillo-Carniglia1, Jay S Kaufman2, Paulina Pino3
1Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 939, Santiago, Chile; Research Department, National Service for Prevention and Rehabilitation of Drug and Alcohol Consumption (SENDA), Agustinas 1235, Santiago, Chile.
Background:
Little is known about the association between alcohol-attributable mortality and small area socioeconomic variables when considering causes both wholly and partially attributable to alcohol.
Methods:
An ecological study was conducted of the entire Chilean population aged 15 and older in 345 municipalities nationwide between 2004 and 2009. Deaths were attributed to alcohol consumption either wholly or partially, along with the estimated attributable fractions for each specified cause. Each municipality was characterized according to its average income and educational attainment. Estimates of the ecological associations were produced using a hierarchical Bayesian model, separating out deaths caused by alcohol and dividing them into seven groups of causes.
Results:
Alcohol-attributable mortality risk showed an inverse association with income and education at the ecological level. A one-quintile increase in income was associated with an average decrease in risk of 10% (CI 95%: 10-20%) for cardiovascular deaths, 8% (6-10%) for intentional injuries and 7% (3-11%) for unintentional injuries. No associations were found between deaths due to cancers and other causes with income and education.
Conclusions:
Municipalities with lower income and education have higher risk of alcohol-attributable mortality in Chile.
Related Concept Videos
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence
H0: The two variables (factors)...
Impact of Social Context on Individuals
Bias in Epidemiological Studies
Confounding in Epidemiological Studies
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping
Close Relationships and Culture

