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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes.

Jeffry D Sander1, J Keith Joung1

  • 11] Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Nature Biotechnology
|March 4, 2014
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Summary

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology enables precise genome editing. This powerful tool efficiently modifies genes for research and develops new therapeutics for human diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Engineered nucleases are now mainstream tools in biological research.
  • Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology has accelerated the adoption of genome editing.
  • CRISPR facilitates the generation of RNA-guided nucleases like Cas9 with tunable specificities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the impact and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology.
  • To discuss the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in modifying genes and regulating gene expression.
  • To explore the transformative potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in biological research and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing RNA-guided nucleases, such as Cas9, for targeted genome modification.
  • Employing CRISPR-Cas9 systems to efficiently alter endogenous genes in diverse cell types and organisms.
  • Developing modified CRISPR-Cas9 systems to regulate gene expression and label genomic loci.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas9 enables rapid, easy, and efficient modification of endogenous genes.
  • The system has been successfully applied to various biomedically important cell types and challenging organisms.
  • Modified CRISPR-Cas9 systems allow for gene expression regulation and genomic locus labeling in living cells.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas9 technology is revolutionizing biological research through efficient genome editing.
  • The system holds significant promise for developing novel molecular therapeutics for human diseases.
  • Further research into genome-wide specificities will enhance the utility of CRISPR-Cas9 systems.