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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposable elements and psychiatric disorders.

Guia Guffanti1, Simona Gaudi, James H Fallon

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York.

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : the Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome. Recent findings suggest TEs are active in the brain and may contribute to psychiatric disorders.

Keywords:
long interspersed element 1psychiatric disordersregulatory elementsretrotranspositiontransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transposable Elements (TEs), including LINEs, SINEs, SVAs, and HERVs, constitute a significant portion of the human genome.
  • TEs are increasingly recognized for their roles in genomic structure, regulation, normal function, and disease.
  • Emerging evidence points to active TEs in the human brain, suggesting involvement in development, physiology, and psychiatric disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental biology of Transposable Elements.
  • To explore the emerging evidence linking TEs to psychiatric disorders.
  • To highlight the potential impact of next-generation sequencing on this research area.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Transposable Elements biology.
  • Analysis of studies investigating TE activity in the human brain.
  • Examination of research implicating TEs in various diseases, including psychiatric conditions.

Main Results:

  • TEs are abundant and dynamic components of the human genome.
  • Active TEs have been identified in diverse human brain regions.
  • TEs are implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions like hemophilia, neurofibromatosis, cancer, and potentially psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable Elements play critical roles in genome architecture and regulation.
  • Active TEs in the brain suggest a role in neurological function and psychiatric disorders.
  • Advanced sequencing technologies will enhance the study of TE-psychiatric disorder relationships.