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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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Updated: May 2, 2026

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy oSLO and Optical Coherence Tomography OCT
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Nano-sensitive optical coherence tomography.

Sergey A Alexandrov1, Hrebesh M Subhash, Azhar Zam

  • 1NBIPI Tissue Optics & Microcirculation Imaging Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. sergey.alexandrov@nuigalway.ie.

Nanoscale
|March 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new label-free optical coherence tomography (OCT) method for nanoscale structural analysis. The technique enables depth-resolved visualization of minute structural changes, advancing biological research and medical diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Accurate nanoscale structural detection is crucial for biological research and healthcare diagnostics.
  • Existing methods often lack depth resolution or sensitivity for subtle structural changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a novel label-free sensing technique for depth-resolved nanoscale structural change detection.
  • To enhance the capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for high-sensitivity imaging.

Main Methods:

  • A label-free depth-resolved sensing technique based on optical coherence tomography (OCT).
  • Spectral encoding of structural components in remitted light, transformed from Fourier domain to OCT image voxels.
  • Single OCT scan for spatial distribution visualization of nanoscale structural changes.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated differentiation of 30 nm structural changes in nanosphere aggregates at different depths using a single OCT scan.
  • Detected structural changes less than 30 nm over time using two OCT scans.
  • Successfully visualized the structure of human skin in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • The developed label-free OCT approach offers high sensitivity and specificity for depth-resolved molecular studies.
  • This technique provides new avenues for early disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
  • Enables advanced visualization of biological structures at the nanoscale.