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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Overview
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Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

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The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Detection of Anti-MDA5 Autoantibodies Using HeLa Cells and Immunocytochemistry with Light Microscopy
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[MAIT cells in autoimmunity].

Sachiko Miyake1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.

Nihon Rinsho Men'Eki Gakkai Kaishi = Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology
|March 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, crucial for immunity, are modulated by gut bacteria and impact autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. Their frequency reduction in patients suggests a key regulatory role.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiome Research

Context:

  • Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique population of T cells restricted by the nonpolymorphic MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1).
  • MAIT cell function is influenced by commensal microbiota and requires B cells for peripheral expansion.
  • Recent findings highlight vitamin metabolites from gut bacteria as antigens recognized by MAIT cells.

Purpose:

  • To explore the role of MAIT cells in autoimmune diseases.
  • To investigate the relationship between MAIT cell frequency, gut microbiota, and disease activity.

Summary:

  • MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and are selected in the thymus.
  • These cells possess antimicrobial capabilities and are activated by microbial metabolites.
  • MAIT cells demonstrate a dual role, being protective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) but pathogenic in arthritis models.

Impact:

  • Reduced MAIT cell frequency is observed in patients with autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
  • MAIT cell frequency correlates with disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients.
  • These findings suggest MAIT cells are involved in the pathogenesis and regulation of autoimmune disorders.