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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.1K
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

23
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
23
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26

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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Occupation and thyroid cancer.

Briseis Aschebrook-Kilfoy1, Mary H Ward, Curt T Della Valle

  • 1Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Occupational and Environmental Medicine
|March 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Occupational exposures, particularly radiation and healthcare work, show links to thyroid cancer. More research is needed to confirm associations with pesticide exposure and other jobs.

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational epidemiology
  • Environmental health
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone disruption is linked to various occupational and environmental exposures.
  • The relationship between occupational exposures and thyroid cancer incidence is less understood.
  • Identifying preventable risk factors for thyroid cancer is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological studies on occupations and occupational exposures in relation to thyroid cancer incidence.
  • To provide insights into potentially preventable risk factors for thyroid cancer.
  • To identify research gaps in occupational thyroid cancer epidemiology.

Main Methods:

  • A literature search was conducted using the Web of Knowledge database up to August 2013.
  • Studies examining thyroid cancer incidence and occupational exposure were included.
  • 30 relevant articles were summarized, grouped by exposure/occupation, study design, and exposure assessment.

Main Results:

  • Consistent associations were found between radiation-exposed workers/healthcare occupations and thyroid cancer (19/30 studies).
  • Suggestive but inconsistent associations were observed for pesticide-exposed workers and agricultural occupations.
  • Most other occupational exposures showed null associations; many studies had limited cases and relied on broad exposure assessments.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation and healthcare occupations are the most consistently linked occupational factors to thyroid cancer.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes and improved exposure assessment is needed for pesticide exposure and other occupational factors.
  • Understanding occupational risks is vital for thyroid cancer prevention, especially for exposures affecting thyroid homeostasis.