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Antibiotic Selection00:57

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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within...
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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[Antibiotic resistant genes].

Yoshikazu Ishii1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan. yishii@med.toho-u.ac.jp

Rinsho Byori. the Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology
|March 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic resistance genes spread between bacteria through gene transfer. Mechanisms include gene mutation, antibiotic inactivation, and efflux pumps, leading to resistance against all antibiotic classes.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat.
  • Genes conferring antibiotic resistance can be acquired or intrinsic.
  • Bacteria employ various mechanisms to resist antibiotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
  • To highlight the genetic basis and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.
  • To discuss the implications of resistance across all antibiotic classes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of bacterial gene transfer systems (plasmids, phages, ICEs).
  • Examination of specific resistance examples like MRSA and carbapenem resistance.

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Main Results:

  • Antibiotic resistance genes are transferred via plasmids, bacteriophages, and integrative and conjugative elements.
  • Resistance mechanisms include antibiotic inactivation (e.g., mutations in target sites) and enhanced drug efflux.
  • Reduced susceptibility to carbapenems can result from decreased expression of outer membrane proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteria have evolved diverse strategies to resist antibiotics.
  • The continuous emergence of resistance necessitates ongoing research and surveillance.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing new antimicrobial strategies.