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Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells
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Mesodermal Nkx2.5 is necessary and sufficient for early second heart field development.

Lu Zhang1, Aya Nomura-Kitabayashi1, Nishat Sultana1

  • 1Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Developmental Biology
|March 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Nkx2.5 transcription factor is crucial for mammalian heart development. Mesodermal Nkx2.5 is essential, while endodermal Nkx2.5 is dispensable for early heart formation.

Keywords:
Heart developmentNkx2.5Pharyngeal endodermPharyngeal mesodermSecond heart field

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Vertebrate heart development originates from mesoderm, influenced by endodermal inductive signals.
  • Nkx2.5 is a vital transcription factor for heart formation across species.
  • Nkx2.5 expression in mice occurs in pharyngeal mesoderm and endoderm, but its distinct roles are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific roles of Nkx2.5 in pharyngeal endoderm versus mesoderm during early heart development.
  • To determine the necessity of Nkx2.5 in different germ layers for cardiac formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized tissue-specific deletion in mice to inactivate Nkx2.5 in the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm.
  • Analyzed cardiac development in genetically modified embryos.
  • Performed rescue experiments by re-expressing Nkx2.5 in the mesoderm.

Main Results:

  • Deletion of Nkx2.5 in the endoderm did not affect heart development.
  • Mesodermal deletion of Nkx2.5 led to cardiac defects comparable to Nkx2.5 null embryos.
  • Re-expression of Nkx2.5 in the mesoderm rescued the observed heart defects.

Conclusions:

  • Nkx2.5 expression in the mesoderm is indispensable for mammalian early heart formation.
  • Endodermal Nkx2.5 is not required for the initial stages of heart development.
  • These findings clarify the tissue-specific importance of Nkx2.5 in cardiovascular embryogenesis.