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A TAL effector repeat architecture for frameshift binding.

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Summary
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Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) exhibit DNA-binding flexibility due to unusual repeat lengths. This allows TALEs to target DNA sequence variants and overcome plant resistance mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Pathology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are key virulence factors in Xanthomonas bacteria.
  • TALEs bind DNA using a modular 34-amino-acid repeat domain, with each repeat typically recognizing a single DNA base.
  • This modularity has been exploited for designing custom DNA-binding specificities in biotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the DNA-binding flexibility of natural TALE repeats with unusual amino-acid sequence lengths.
  • To determine the implications of this flexibility for TALE-DNA interactions and transcriptional activation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of natural TALE repeat sequences with varying lengths.
  • Characterization of TALE-DNA binding interactions.
  • Assessing TALE-mediated transcriptional activation at different promoter sequences.

Main Results:

  • Natural TALE repeats of unusual lengths deviate from the strict one-to-one base pair binding mode.
  • This deviation introduces local flexibility into TALE-DNA binding.
  • This flexibility enables TALEs to recognize target DNA sequence variants, including those with single nucleotide deletions.
  • TALEs with flexible binding can activate transcription at allelic promoters that confer plant resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Unusual TALE repeat lengths confer DNA-binding flexibility, challenging the established modular binding model.
  • This flexibility enhances the ability of TALEs and TALE nucleases to target diverse DNA sequences.
  • TALE-mediated transcriptional activation can be modulated by sequence variations, impacting plant-pathogen interactions and offering biotechnological potential.