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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Induction of Cellular Differentiation and Single Cell Imaging of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Swimmer and Swarmer Cells
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A chimeric siderophore halts swarming Vibrio.

Thomas Böttcher1, Jon Clardy

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (USA).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered avaroferrin, a novel molecule that inhibits bacterial swarming by controlling iron availability. This finding sheds light on the molecular signals regulating bacterial collective movement and competition for essential nutrients.

Keywords:
evolutionironmotilitynatural productssiderophores

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bacterial swarming is a collective, rapid surface motility.
  • Understanding swarming regulation is crucial for controlling bacterial behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify molecular signals controlling bacterial swarming.
  • To investigate the mechanism of swarming inhibition by Shewanella algae.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of bacterial strains (Vibrio alginolyticus, Shewanella algae).
  • Plate assays, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), and X-ray diffraction analyses.
  • Genome sequencing and analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters.

Main Results:

  • Identified avaroferrin, a novel cyclic dihydroxamate siderophore, as a potent swarming inhibitor.
  • Avaroferrin is a hybrid of putrebactin and bisucaberin siderophores.
  • Avaroferrin inhibits swarming by sequestering iron, preventing its uptake by Vibrio alginolyticus.

Conclusions:

  • Avaroferrin represents a new class of bacterial signaling molecules.
  • Iron acquisition and competition play a key role in regulating bacterial swarming.
  • The genetic basis for avaroferrin synthesis involves a unique combination of known biosynthetic pathways.