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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Incidental Thyroid Nodules: Incidence, Evaluation, and Outcome.

Irina Chaikhoutdinov1, Ron Mitzner1, David Goldenberg2

  • 1Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|March 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Incidental thyroid nodules (IDTNs) found during imaging studies have a significant malignancy rate of at least 13.3%. These nodules require thorough evaluation to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
incidental thyroid noduleincidentalomapapillary thyroid cancerthyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Incidental thyroid nodules (IDTNs) are frequently discovered during imaging for other conditions.
  • The diagnostic and management pathways for IDTNs require careful consideration due to potential malignancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the identification, evaluation, surgical intervention, and malignancy rates of incidentally discovered thyroid nodules (IDTNs).

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective case series involving chart review of 1408 patients with thyroid diagnoses and ultrasound codes.
  • Analysis of 249 patients with IDTNs, focusing on imaging modality, evaluation methods (ultrasound, fine-needle aspiration), and surgical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • IDTNs were most commonly found on CT scans (59.8%), often during unrelated malignancy workup (26.9%).
  • Malignancy was detected in 23.8% of positron emission tomography/CT scans and 6.8% of CT scans.
  • The overall malignancy rate for IDTNs was 13.3%, with papillary thyroid cancer being the most common type (28 of 33 malignancies).

Conclusions:

  • A significant malignancy rate of at least 13.3% underscores the importance of thorough workup for IDTNs.
  • Incidental thyroid nodules warrant comprehensive evaluation, including imaging and fine-needle aspiration when indicated.