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Related Concept Videos

Conservation of Small Populations02:04

Conservation of Small Populations

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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals
07:40

A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals

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When can noninvasive samples provide sufficient information in conservation genetics studies?

O Smith1, J Wang

  • 1Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks, London, SL5 7PY, UK; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.

Molecular Ecology Resources
|March 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Noninvasive genetic sampling for wildlife conservation is feasible despite small sample sizes and genotyping errors. Keep error rates below 0.2 for reliable genetic variation and population structure estimates.

Keywords:
F STgenotyping errorheterozygositymicrosatellitespopulation structuresample size

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Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid
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Area of Science:

  • Conservation Genetics
  • Wildlife Population Studies
  • Molecular Ecology

Background:

  • Noninvasive sampling (e.g., feces, hair) is crucial for wildlife genetics.
  • Challenges include small sample sizes and high genotyping errors due to low DNA quality/quantity.
  • These issues question the reliability of data for conservation genetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of small sample sizes and genotyping errors on genetic parameter estimation.
  • To determine the reliability of noninvasive sampling for conservation genetics analyses.
  • To provide guidance for researchers studying endangered populations.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation study design.
  • Analysis of common genetic parameters (heterozygosity, FST, population structure, allelic diversity).
  • Evaluation of genotyping error effects (allelic dropout, false alleles, missing data).

Main Results:

  • Small sample sizes minimally bias heterozygosity, FST, and population structure, but significantly bias allelic diversity.
  • Genotyping errors (allelic dropout, false alleles) have less impact than missing data.
  • Reliable estimates are possible with error rates <0.2; unbiased population clustering with error rates <0.5 for differentiated populations.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive sampling can yield valuable data for conservation genetics.
  • Error rates and sample size are critical factors influencing data accuracy.
  • Results offer practical guidelines for managing data limitations in wildlife genetic studies.