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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

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Thyroid nodules.

Marek Niedziela1

  • 1Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, 2nd Chair of Paediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|March 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid nodules (TNs) are rare in young people but may indicate cancer. Accurate preoperative diagnosis using fine-needle aspiration biopsy and imaging is crucial for appropriate treatment, including surgery.

Keywords:
biomarkerschildrenfine-needle aspiration biopsythyroid cancerthyroid nodulethyroid ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules (TNs) are uncommon in individuals under 20 but have a higher cancer prevalence than in adults.
  • Distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules preoperatively is essential for guiding treatment decisions, such as thyroidectomy and neck lymph node dissection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diagnostic strategies for thyroid nodules, focusing on preoperative evaluation.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis for appropriate patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on thyroid nodule diagnosis and management.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools including fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), high-resolution thyroid ultrasound, and real-time elastosonography.
  • Exploration of novel predictors like thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and genetic screening for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).

Main Results:

  • Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is mandatory for preoperative diagnosis.
  • Advanced imaging techniques like ultrasound and elastosonography aid in selecting surgical candidates, especially with indeterminate cytology.
  • Elevated TSH levels may predict thyroid cancer risk, and RET mutation screening is vital for MTC.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive work-up, including FNAB and advanced imaging, improves preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
  • Elevated TSH and genetic screening offer new avenues for risk assessment and management of specific thyroid cancers.