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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Published on: March 31, 2016

A cortical circuit for gain control by behavioral state.

Yu Fu¹, Jason M Tucciarone², J Sebastian Espinosa¹

¹Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Road, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

|March 18, 2014

Summary

Locomotion enhances visual processing in the brain by activating specific neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1). This study identifies a neural circuit involving vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons that mediates this important sensory-behavioral link.

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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

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Published on: October 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sensory Processing
Behavioral Modulation

Background:

Behavioral state significantly influences sensory processing in the brain.
Locomotion is known to enhance visual responses in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mice, representing a key example of state-dependent modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the specific neural circuits responsible for transmitting behavioral state information to the sensory cortex.
To elucidate the mechanisms by which locomotion enhances visual responses in V1.

Main Methods:

In vivo calcium imaging in behaving mice.
Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity.
Photolytic damage to specific neuronal populations.
Electrophysiological recordings to assess neuronal responses.

Main Results:

Locomotion activates vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive neurons in mouse V1, independent of visual input.
Nicotinic inputs from the basal forebrain are crucial for locomotion-induced VIP neuron activation.
Optogenetic activation of VIP neurons mimicked the effect of locomotion on V1 visual responses.
Disruption of VIP neurons abolished locomotion-induced enhancement of V1 responses.

Conclusions:

A specific cortical circuit involving VIP neurons mediates the enhancement of visual responses during locomotion.
This VIP neuron circuit provides a potential common pathway for state-dependent modulation of sensory processing.