Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

2.8K
Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, is...
2.8K
Role of Amygdala in Memory01:16

Role of Amygdala in Memory

1.9K
The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure responsible for processing and storing memories, particularly those linked to emotions like fear and stress. It plays an essential role in the brain's response to emotionally significant events and often enhances memory formation by triggering stress hormone release. The amygdala is vital for encoding and retrieving memories associated with fear or stress, a process that is adaptive by helping organisms avoid dangerous situations.
One of the...
1.9K
Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

770
Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
770

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Spermidine improves memory consolidation in a contextual fear conditioning task in adult zebrafish.

Physiology & behavior·2025
Same author

Population-dependent impacts of para-chlorophenylalanine, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, on homebase formation and thigmotaxis in adult zebrafish.

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior·2025
Same author

Understanding sex and populational differences in spatio-temporal exploration patterns and homebase dynamics of zebrafish following repeated ethanol exposure.

Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry·2024
Same author

Assessing the exploratory profile of two zebrafish populations: Influence of anxiety-like phenotypes and independent trials on homebase-related parameters and exploration.

Behavioural processes·2023
Same author

Spermidine, a positive modulator of the NMDA receptor, facilitates extinction and prevents the reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice.

Psychopharmacology·2019
Same author

Neuroprotective effects of berberine on recognition memory impairment, oxidative stress, and damage to the purinergic system in rats submitted to intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin.

Psychopharmacology·2018
Same journal

Baicalin downregulates Thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> receptor via SIRT1/NRF2 and NLRP3 pathways to attenuate Cyclosporine A-induced hypertension.

European journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

ARBUTIN AS A THERAPEUTIC CANDIDATE FOR AUTISM: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Nrf2 PATHWAYS.

European journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Repeated Ethanol Exposure in Female Rats Impairs Cerebral Endothelial Function and Increases Cerebrovascular Stiffness.

European journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Valerenic acid attenuates chronic stress-exacerbated metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via the estrogen receptor α-GDF15 axis.

European journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Theranekron Prevents Endotoxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Modulating Inflammatory and Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathways.

European journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Icariside Ⅱ alleviates heart failure based on Wnt/β-catenin-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

European journal of pharmacology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice
07:02

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2014

33.1K

Spermidine improves fear memory persistence.

Cristiane Signor1, Carlos F Mello2, Gerusa P Porto2

  • 1Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

European Journal of Pharmacology
|March 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyamines like spermidine enhance long-term memory persistence by modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Arcaine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, impairs memory persistence, but this effect is reversed by spermidine.

Keywords:
ArcaineLong-term memoryMemory persistenceNMDA receptorPolyaminesSpermidine

More Related Videos

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

33.1K
Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker
08:32

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker

Published on: December 18, 2014

25.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice
07:02

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2014

33.1K
Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

33.1K
Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker
08:32

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker

Published on: December 18, 2014

25.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Long-term memory (LTM) persistence is crucial for memory retention.
  • A late consolidation phase around 12 hours post-acquisition is essential for memory persistence.
  • The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor's role in memory persistence is known, but the influence of its endogenous modulators remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of spermidine (an agonist) and arcaine (an antagonist) on the polyamine binding site of the NMDA receptor.
  • To determine if these modulators affect the persistence of contextual fear conditioning memory in rats.

Main Methods:

  • Rats were trained in a contextual fear conditioning task.
  • Spermidine or arcaine were administered intraperitoneally 12 hours post-training.
  • Memory persistence was assessed 2 and 7 days after training.
  • Interactions between spermidine and arcaine were also evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Post-training administration of spermidine (10 and 30 mg/kg) facilitated fear memory persistence.
  • Arcaine (10 mg/kg) impaired fear memory persistence.
  • Arcaine antagonized the facilitatory effect of spermidine, and spermidine reversed the impairing effect of arcaine on memory persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Endogenous polyamines, acting via the NMDA receptor, play a significant role in enhancing the persistence of fear memory.
  • Targeting NMDA receptor polyamine sites offers a potential strategy for modulating memory persistence.