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Related Concept Videos

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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Primate iPS cells as tools for evolutionary analyses.

Stephanie Wunderlich1, Martin Kircher2, Beate Vieth3

  • 1Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Germany.

Stem Cell Research
|March 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from humans and primates offer insights into gene expression evolution. Primate iPSCs reveal rapid yet constrained evolution of gene expression, aiding in identifying conserved and species-specific patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative genomics
  • Stem cell biology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are crucial for studying human biology and disease.
  • Non-human primate iPSCs are valuable for understanding human evolution and regulatory network conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate and assess human, gorilla, bonobo, and cynomolgus monkey iPSCs for studying primate evolution.
  • To compare gene expression patterns and evolutionary rates across primate species using iPSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from multiple primate species.
  • Comparative analysis of differentiation potential between iPSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • RNA sequencing to quantify gene expression differences within and between species.

Main Results:

  • Primate iPSCs exhibit comparable differentiation potential to ESCs.
  • Gene expression differences within species are smaller than those between closely related primate species.
  • Pseudogene expression evolves more rapidly than other genes, indicating constrained evolutionary rates.

Conclusions:

  • Primate iPSCs provide a model for studying general primate gene expression evolution.
  • These cells are a rich resource for identifying conserved and species-specific gene expression patterns.
  • The findings highlight rapid but constrained evolution of gene expression in primate stem cells.