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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Comparative RNA Structure Analysis of Nascent and Mature Transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Phylogeny and evolution of RNA structure.

Tanja Gesell1, Peter Schuster

  • 1Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 19, 2014
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This study confirms Darwin's evolutionary tree concept using molecular data and mathematical models for natural selection. It explores RNA and virus evolution, linking sequence, structure, and function for a comprehensive evolutionary understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Darwin's theory of universal relatedness and natural selection is foundational to evolutionary biology.
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction using morphology and molecular sequencing has largely confirmed the tree-shaped nature of life's relatedness.
  • Limitations of the phylogenetic tree concept emerged with increased sequence data, necessitating complementary approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To mathematically model Darwin's concept of natural selection and mutation-selection dynamics.
  • To apply these models to understand RNA and virus evolution in vitro and in vivo.
  • To integrate phylogenetic and population dynamic insights for a holistic view of evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling of mutation-selection dynamics.
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction from molecular sequencing data.
  • Analysis of RNA evolution driven by reproduction and mutation.

Main Results:

  • Mathematical formalization of natural selection applicable to RNA and virus evolution.
  • Complementary insights from RNA phylogeny and population dynamics.
  • Demonstration of the sequence ⇒ structure ⇒ function paradigm in evolutionary modeling.

Conclusions:

  • Phylogeny and population dynamics offer complementary perspectives on evolution.
  • Modeling evolution requires integrating molecular structure, population dynamics, and phylogeny.
  • The study advances the understanding of RNA evolution and design through integrated modeling approaches.