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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Self-report questionnaire for measuring presence: development and initial validation.

Esther E Kuis¹, Anne Goossensen, Jolanda van Dijke

¹University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences

|March 22, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new self-report questionnaire was developed to measure presence in healthcare professionals. Initial testing showed promising reliability and validity, identifying three key components: dedicated attitude, openness in perception, and reciprocal humaneness.

Keywords:

caring ethics of care factor analysis instrument development presence psychometric properties quality of care theory of presence

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Area of Science:

Healthcare Quality
Psychometrics
Professional Development

Background:

The concept of 'presence' is crucial for evaluating healthcare relationships.
No existing self-report measure for presence among health professionals was identified.

Purpose of the Study:

Develop a self-report questionnaire to measure presence in healthcare.
Conduct initial psychometric evaluation of the developed questionnaire.

Main Methods:

Items were derived from the 'theory of presence' (ToP).
Face and content validity were assessed by experts.
A pilot study (N=22) tested understandability.
The Presence Questionnaire for Caregivers (PQ-C) with 48 items was administered to 723 healthcare professionals.
Exploratory principal component analysis, reliability, and known-group validity were assessed.

Main Results:

Principal component analysis identified three new components: 'dedicated attitude', 'openness in perception', and 'reciprocal humaneness'.
Thirty-one items were retained, explaining 25.4% of the variance.
The shortened scale demonstrated a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 and a Spearman-Brown coefficient of 0.63.
Significant differences in scores were found based on age, experience, and familiarity with ToP.

Conclusions:

A self-report questionnaire for measuring presence with established face and content validity was successfully developed.
The initial factor analysis did not fully reflect the eight theoretical principles of ToP, revealing three new components.
Further research is recommended to explore the value of the new dimensions and investigate construct validity and reliability.