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Domoic acid epileptic disease.

John S Ramsdell1, Frances M Gulland2

  • 1Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA, National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC 29414, USA. john.ramsdell@noaa.gov.

Marine Drugs
|March 26, 2014
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Summary

Domoic acid exposure can cause a chronic epileptic disease with delayed seizures. Research in sea lions and rats suggests an olfactory bulb origin for this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Domoic acid epileptic disease is a delayed neurological condition following exposure.
  • First identified in humans after shellfish poisoning, it was later characterized in California sea lions.
  • This syndrome involves spontaneous recurrent seizures weeks to months post-exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present domoic acid epileptic disease as a delayed manifestation of poisoning.
  • To review current knowledge in affected humans and sea lions.
  • To explore causative mechanisms and neural underpinnings using a rat model.

Main Methods:

  • Case study analysis in humans and sea lions.
  • Investigation of domoic acid poisoning incidents (1987, 1998-2006).
  • Utilizing a validated rat model to study disease progression and neural systems.

Main Results:

  • The rat model replicated key features of the sea lion epileptic syndrome.
  • Insights into disease progression, behavioral links, and involved neural systems were gained.
  • A hypothesis for the olfactory origin of the disease was proposed, originating in the olfactory bulb.

Conclusions:

  • Domoic acid epileptic disease is a distinct chronic syndrome.
  • The olfactory bulb and cortex are implicated in disease initiation and maturation.
  • Updated information on risk, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is provided.