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    This study demonstrates a low-cost method for measuring atmospheric turbulence using the Fried parameter (r0). The stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm successfully estimates atmospheric correlation length without wavefront sensing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Adaptive Optics

    Background:

    • Atmospheric turbulence significantly impacts wave propagation, affecting various scientific and technological fields.
    • Accurate characterization of atmospheric turbulence, particularly the Fried parameter (r0), is crucial for mitigating these effects.
    • Traditional methods for measuring the Fried parameter often require complex and expensive wavefront sensing equipment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the feasibility of estimating the Fried parameter using a simplified, cost-effective system.
    • To develop and validate a wavefront sensor-less adaptive optics approach for atmospheric turbulence measurement.
    • To assess the performance of the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm in estimating the Fried parameter.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical simulations of atmospheric turbulence were performed using Zernike polynomials.
    • A wavefront sensor-less adaptive optics system, driven by the SPGD algorithm, was employed.
    • The SPGD algorithm was utilized to estimate the Fried parameter by compensating for phase distortions.

    Main Results:

    • The study successfully estimated the Fried parameter using the proposed SPGD-based, wavefront sensor-less system.
    • Simulations across various atmospheric turbulence strengths validated the accuracy of the estimation method.
    • The system demonstrated its potential for low-cost atmospheric turbulence characterization.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method offers a viable and economical alternative for measuring the Fried parameter.
    • Wavefront sensor-less adaptive optics systems powered by the SPGD algorithm are effective for atmospheric turbulence characterization.
    • This approach has significant implications for fields reliant on precise wave propagation through the atmosphere.