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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

141
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
141
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

6.9K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
6.9K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

22.9K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
22.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
2.6K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.4K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.4K
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

10.1K
In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Resource Recycling of Red Soil to Synthesize Fe2O3/FAU-type Zeolite Composite Material for Heavy Metal Removal
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Resource Recycling of Red Soil to Synthesize Fe2O3/FAU-type Zeolite Composite Material for Heavy Metal Removal

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Zeolites as catalysts in oil refining.

Ana Primo1, Hermenegildo Garcia

  • 1Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Univ. Politecnica de Valencia, Av. De los naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain. aprimoar@itq.upv.es hgarcia@qim.upv.es.

Chemical Society Reviews
|March 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Zeolites are crucial solid acid catalysts enhancing oil refining efficiency. This review covers their application in key processes and future roles in fuel quality and biofuel coprocessing.

Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Petroleum Chemistry

Background:

  • Oil remains a primary energy source, with refining efficiency heavily reliant on advanced catalytic processes.
  • Zeolites represent a significant advancement in XXth-century chemistry, particularly as solid acid catalysts in petroleum refining and petrochemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an introduction to zeolite science for refining catalysis.
  • To review the application of zeolites in major oil refining processes.
  • To discuss future trends in zeolite catalysis for transportation fuels and biofuel coprocessing.

Main Methods:

  • Describing the fundamental properties of zeolites as solid acids.
  • Reviewing key refining processes utilizing zeolite catalysts: light naphtha isomerization, olefin alkylation, reforming, cracking, and hydrocracking.

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Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry
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  • Analyzing future developments in zeolite applications for enhanced fuel quality and biofuel integration.

    • Main Results:

    • Zeolites are indispensable catalysts in modern oil refining, significantly boosting process efficiency.
    • Their application spans critical processes like isomerization, alkylation, reforming, cracking, and hydrocracking.
    • Future developments focus on improving fuel quality and incorporating biofuels through zeolite-catalyzed coprocessing.

    Conclusions:

    • Zeolites are foundational to the efficiency and advancement of oil refining and petrochemistry.
    • Continued innovation in zeolite catalysis is essential for meeting future demands for higher quality transportation fuels and sustainable energy solutions.
    • The integration of biofuels with oil streams using zeolites presents a promising avenue for future energy landscapes.