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Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
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Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

J Oliveira1, C Zagalo2, P Cavaco-Silva1

  • 1CIIEM, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal; TechnoPhage S.A., Lisbon, Portugal.

Revista Portuguesa De Pneumologia
|March 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common ICU infection linked to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Implementing preventive strategies is crucial to reduce VAP incidence and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Mechanical ventilationPneumonia associada ao ventiladorPreventionPrevençãoVentilator-associated pneumoniaVentilação mecânica

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is a life support measure for critically ill patients.
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant complication, developing at least 48 hours post-intubation.
  • VAP is the most frequent intensive-care-unit (ICU)-acquired infection, increasing mortality and healthcare costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the risks associated with IMV and the development of VAP.
  • To emphasize the imperative need for VAP preventive measures.
  • To guide the implementation of evidence-based strategies for VAP control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and guidelines on VAP prevention.
  • Focus on modifiable risk factors associated with IMV.
  • Discussion of non-pharmacological and pharmacological evidence-based strategies.

Main Results:

  • VAP significantly increases hospital mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), ICU stay, and overall hospitalization costs.
  • Preventive measures are essential for controlling VAP incidence.
  • Strategies aim to mitigate risks from endotracheal intubation and prevent lower airway pathogen microaspiration.

Conclusions:

  • VAP poses a substantial threat to critically ill patients on IMV.
  • Implementing guideline-recommended preventive strategies is crucial for reducing VAP rates.
  • Effective VAP prevention improves patient prognosis and reduces economic burden.