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Extensive kinship systems characterize hunter-gatherers, while intensive kinship systems, marked by kin marriages and inbreeding, are found in some agropastoralists, particularly those with polygyny.

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Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Kin marriages influence group relatedness and kinship network diversity.
  • Marriage decisions involve a trade-off between kin density (intensive systems) and kin diversity (extensive systems).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that extensive kinship systems characterize hunter-gatherers.
  • To investigate the link between subsistence types (hunter-gatherer vs. agropastoralist) and kinship system intensity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of kin marriage prevalence across 46 small-scale societies.
  • Utilized genealogies ranging from 4 to 16 generations.
  • Employed regression methods to examine subsistence, polygyny, spousal relatedness, and inbreeding.

Main Results:

  • Hunter-gatherers exhibit limited kin marriages and low inbreeding on average.
  • Agropastoralist societies show higher rates of kin marriage and inbreeding.
  • Polygyny is associated with increased kin marriage and inbreeding in agropastoralist societies.

Conclusions:

  • Intensive kinship systems are associated with intensive economies, particularly post-domestication.
  • This pattern may have facilitated kin selection for large-scale cooperation and social inequality.
  • Recent human history shows a shift towards more intensive kinship structures.