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Related Concept Videos

Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
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Neuroimaging in dementia.

Vyara Valkanova1, Klaus P Ebmeier1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuroimaging biomarkers enhance dementia diagnosis and prognosis. Reviewing established and emerging techniques, like structural, functional, and molecular imaging, aids clinical decisions for common dementias, including Alzheimer's disease.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseDementiaFronto-temporal dementiaLewy body dementiaPETVascular dementia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging and Diagnostic Biomarkers
  • Clinical Neurology and Dementia Syndromes

Background:

  • Neuroimaging advances have yielded biomarkers that improve diagnostic certainty and prognostic value in dementia.
  • These biomarkers offer insights into the underlying pathology of clinical dementia syndromes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting established neuroimaging modalities for dementia diagnosis.
  • To evaluate emerging imaging techniques with potential to guide future clinical decisions.
  • To focus on common dementias: Alzheimer's disease, fronto-temporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and vascular dementia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural imaging techniques (e.g., MRI, CT).
  • Review of functional imaging techniques (e.g., PET, SPECT).
  • Review of molecular imaging techniques and their application in dementia.

Main Results:

  • Established neuroimaging modalities provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information for common dementias.
  • Emerging techniques show promise for enhanced clinical decision-making in dementia care.
  • Evidence synthesis across different imaging types and dementia subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroimaging biomarkers are crucial for increasing diagnostic certainty and understanding dementia pathology.
  • Translating advanced neuroimaging into National Health Service practice requires research with representative cohorts in naturalistic settings.
  • Bridging the gap between neuroscience advances and clinical application is essential for patient benefit.